Need help with 3 to 5 page paper. The helper who I choose for this paper will help me with final. I have enclosed directions for assignment 3 and 5 only for a reference of what will follow in assignment 5. Only follow directions for assignment 3.
Need help with three to five page paper and final.
Wk 3 Rough Draft of the Final Report You are required to develop a rough draft for your Final Lab Report, which covers the drinking water quality experiment from the Week Two Lab assignment “Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination.” Please use the Week Three Assignment Template for preparing your rough draft to insure that you include all required components in a well-organized manner. Before completing this Template, view the Tutorial on the Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template so that you have a clear picture on how to use the template most effectively. This rough draft must also be reviewed using the Grammarly (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. tool from the Writing Center to help you identify and correct any mistakes to your rough draft. Be sure to submit a screen shot of the Grammarly report and the corrected rough draft to the Week Three Assignment box. This resource will show you how to take a screen shot on your computer and upload it to Waypoint successfully. For a written transcript, click here. Complete the following steps to submit both reports: Carefully read the instructions for your Final Lab Report assignment located within Week Five of the course.. Download the Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template and utilize this form to ensure correct formatting and inclusion of all required material. View the Tutorial on the Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template so that you can apply the template with success. Use at least two scholarly sources, two credible sources, and your lab manual to support your points. The rough draft must be three to five pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Use the Grammarly tool to proofread your paper before submitting it for grading. Grammarly is a free proofreading program available to all Ashford students. To learn how to set up and use Grammarly, watch the Grammarly tutorial (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Upload your paper to Grammarly and take a screen shot of your reviewed paper. Need help taking a screen shot? See this handout. Save the Grammarly screenshot to your computer and submit it along with your assignment. This means that you will submit two documents to Waypoint: the Grammarly screen shot and your corrected rough draft. Note: Need help using Grammarly? Email the Writing Center at [email protected]. Note: Please do not use www.grammarly.com to sign up as you will get limited feedback. Ashford University pays for additional fabulous Grammarly services so you don’t have to. If you encounter any problems or technical issues, please contact: [email protected] The Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report must contain the following seven sections in this order: Title Page – This page must include the title of your report, your name, course name, instructor, and date submitted. Introduction – This section should discuss why the experiment was conducted. At a minimum, it should contain three paragraphs. One paragraph must cover background information of similar studies that have already been done in the area. This is accomplished by citing existing literature from similar experiments and explaining their results. A second paragraph should discuss an objective or a reason why the experiment is being done. Why do we want to know the answer to the question we are asking? A third paragraph should provide a hypothesis for the experiment conducted, along with your rationale behind that hypothesis. Materials and Methods – This section should provide a detailed description of the materials used in your experiment and how they were used. A step-by-step rundown of your experiment is necessary; however, it should be done in paragraph form, not in a list format. The description should be exact enough to allow for someone reading the report to replicate the experiment, but it should be in your own words and not simply copied and pasted from the lab manual. Results – This section should include the data and observations from the experiment. All tables and graphs should be present in this section. Additionally, there should be at least one paragraph explaining the data in paragraph form. There should be no personal opinions or discussion beyond the results of your experiments located within this section. Discussion – This section should interpret or explain the meaning of your data and provide conclusions. At least three paragraphs should be outlined here. First, a paragraph should be present that addresses whether your hypothesis was confirmed or denied and how you know this. Second, you are to discuss the meaning of your findings in this area utilizing scholarly sources to put the paper into context. For example, how do your results compare with the findings of similar studies? Also, you should discuss if there are any outside factors (i.e., temperature, contaminants, time of day) that affected your results. If so, how could you control for these in the future? Finally, you should discuss any future questions arising from your results and how you might test them with new experiments. Conclusions – This section should provide a brief summary of your work. What are the key take-away points from your study? References – Provide a list of at least two scholarly sources, two credible sources, and your lab manual that will be used in the Final Lab Report. Format your references according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Wk 5 Final Lab Report You are required to write a complete laboratory report that covers the drinking water quality experiment from “Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination,” using knowledge gained throughout the course. Use the instructor feedback on your Rough Draft from Week Three to guide your writing. Be sure to download the Final Lab Report Template and utilize this form (not the Rough Draft template) to ensure proper formatting and inclusion of all required material. Additionally, view the Sample Final Lab Report before beginning this assignment, which will illustrate what a Final Lab Report should look like. You must use at least two scholarly sources, two other highly credible sources, and your lab manual to support your points. The report must be six to ten pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course. The Final Lab Report must contain the following eight sections in this order: Title Page – This page must include the title of your report, your name, course name, instructor, and date submitted. Abstract – This section should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page). Introduction – This section should include background information on water quality and an overview of why the experiment was conducted. It should first contain background information of similar studies previously conducted. This is accomplished by citing existing literature from similar experiments. Secondly, it should provide an objective or a reason why the experiment is being done. Why do we want to know the answer to the question we are asking? Finally, it should end the hypothesis from your Week Two experiment, and the reasoning behind your hypothesis. This hypothesis should not be adjusted to reflect the “right” answer. Simply place your previous hypothesis in the report here. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following the experiments. Materials and Methods – This section should provide a detailed description of the materials used in your experiment and how they were used. A step-by-step rundown of your experiment is necessary; however, it should be done in paragraph form, not in a list format. The description should be exact enough to allow for someone reading the report to replicate the experiment, however, it should be in your own words and not simply copied and pasted from the lab manual. Results – This section should include the data and observations from the experiment. All tables and graphs should be present in this section. In addition to the tables, you must describe the data in text; however, there should be no personal opinions or discussion outside of the results located within this area. Discussion – This section should interpret your data and provide conclusions. Discuss the meanings of your findings in this area. Was your hypothesis accepted or rejected, and how were you able to determine this? Did the results generate any future questions that might benefit from a new experiment? Were there any outside factors (i.e., temperature, contaminants, time of day) that affected your results? If so, how could you control for these in the future? Conclusions – This section should provide a brief summary of your work. References – List references used in APA format as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Description: Total Possible Score: 24.00 Title Page Total: 0.50 Distinguished – Provides a title page that includes the title of the report, course name, student’s name, instructor, and date submitted. Proficient – Provides a title page that is missing one required component. Basic – Provides a title page that is missing two required components. Below Expectations – Provides a title page that is missing three or more required components. Non-Performance – The title page is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions. Abstract Total: 1.20 Distinguished – Provides an abstract that accurately summarizes the methods, results, and conclusions of the Week Two Laboratory. Proficient – Provides an abstract that summarizes the methods, results, and conclusions of the Week Two Laboratory. Minor details are missing or slightly inaccurate. Basic – Provides an abstract that summarizes the methods, results, and conclusions of the Week Two Laboratory. Relevant details are missing and/or inaccurate, or extraneous information is present. Below Expectations – Provides an abstract that summarizes the Week Two Laboratory; however, significant details of the methods, results, or conclusions are missing, and/or excessive information is present. Non-Performance – The abstract is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Introduction Total: 3.40 Distinguished – Provides a thorough introduction that includes background on the topic, an objective of the study, and a hypothesis for the experiment with an explanation as to how the student arrived at that hypothesis. The introduction is at least three paragraphs long and fully supported with information from scholarly sources. Proficient – Provides an introduction that includes background on the topic, an objective of the study, and a hypothesis for the experiment with an explanation as to how the student arrived at that hypothesis. The introduction is at least three paragraphs long and supported with information from scholarly sources. Minimal improvement is needed through additional detail, enhancement of source material, and/or rewording of the hypothesis. Basic – Provides an introduction that includes background on the topic, an objective of the study, and a hypothesis for the experiment with an explanation as to how the student arrived at that hypothesis. The introduction is at least partially supported with information from scholarly sources. Moderate improvement is needed through additional detail, enhancement of source material, and/or rewording of the hypothesis. Below Expectations – Provides an introduction, but it requires major revisions to background and source material, objectives, or hypothesis. One or more of the required components may be missing. Non-Performance – The introduction is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Materials and Methods Total: 3.40 Distinguished – Provides a materials and methods section that thoroughly details in one’s own words how to repeat the experiment from the Week Two Laboratory. Proficient – Provides a materials and methods section that thoroughly details in one’s own words how to repeat the experiment from the Week Two Laboratory. Minor details are missing, or some excessive information is present. Basic – Provides a materials and methods section that details in one’s own words how to repeat the experiment from the Week Two Laboratory. Relevant details are missing, and/or excessive information is present, limiting the repeatability of the experiments. Below Expectations – Provides a materials and methods section, but significant details are missing, greatly limiting the repeatability of the experiments, and/or steps are largely copied from the lab manual. Non-Performance – The materials and methods section is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Results Total: 3.40 Distinguished – Provides a thorough results section that includes all of the tables utilized in the laboratory as well as at least one paragraph objectively describing the data. Proficient – Provides a results section that includes all of the tables utilized in the laboratory as well as at least one paragraph objectively describing the data. Minor errors are present in the tables, or details are missing or slightly inaccurate in the description. Basic – Provides a results section that includes all of the tables utilized in the laboratory as well as at least one paragraph describing the data. Relevant errors are present in the tables, details are missing and/or inaccurate in the description, and/or personal opinions are included. Below Expectations – Attempts to provide a results section that includes tables utilized in the laboratory as well as a description of the data; however, significant errors or omissions are present in the tables, details are missing and inaccurate in the description, and personal opinions are included. Non-Performance – The results section is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Discussion Total: 3.40 Distinguished – Provides a thorough discussion that addresses whether the hypothesis was accepted or rejected, the meaning of the findings, future studies generated from the results, outside factors impacting the results, and possible future experiments. The discussion is at least three paragraphs long and fully supported with information from scholarly sources. Proficient – Provides a discussion that addresses whether the hypothesis was accepted or rejected, the meaning of the findings, future studies generated from the results, outside factors impacting the results, and possible future experiments. The discussion is at least three paragraphs long and supported with information from scholarly sources. Minimal improvement is needed through additional detail, enhancement of source material, or correction of minor inaccuracies. Basic – Provides a discussion that addresses whether the hypothesis was accepted or rejected, the meaning of the findings, future studies generated from the results, outside factors impacting the results, and possible future experiments. The discussion is at least partially supported with information from scholarly sources. Moderate improvement is needed through additional detail, enhancement of source material, and/or correction of inaccuracies. Below Expectations – Provides a discussion, but it requires major revisions to the content and source material and correction of significant inaccuracies. One or more of the required components may be missing. Non-Performance – The discussion section is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Conclusion Total: 1.20 Distinguished – Provides a conclusion that thoroughly and accurately summarizes the experiment and reiterates key findings. Proficient – Provides a conclusion that summarizes the experiment and reiterates key findings. Minimal improvement is needed to accurately summarize the experiments. Basic – Provides a conclusion that summarizes the experiment and reiterates key findings. Moderate improvement is needed to accurately summarize the experiments. Below Expectations – Provides a conclusion that summarizes the experiment, but may not reiterate key findings. Significant improvement is needed to accurately summarize the experiments. Non-Performance – The conclusion is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions. Written Communication: Control of Syntax and Mechanics Total: 2.00 Distinguished – Displays meticulous comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains no errors, and is very easy to understand. Proficient – Displays comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains only a few minor errors, and is mostly easy to understand. Basic – Displays basic comprehension of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains a few errors, which may slightly distract the reader. Below Expectations – Fails to display basic comprehension of syntax or mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains major errors, which distract the reader. Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions. Resource Requirement Total: 3.50 Distinguished – Uses more than the required number of scholarly sources, providing compelling evidence to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment. Proficient – Uses required number of scholarly sources to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment. Basic – Uses less than the required number of sources to support ideas. Some sources may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are used within the body of the assignment. Citations may not be formatted correctly. Below Expectations – Uses inadequate number of sources that provide little or no support for ideas. Sources used may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are not used within the body of the assignment. Citations are not formatted correctly. Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions. APA Formatting Total: 1.00 Distinguished – Accurately uses APA formatting consistently throughout the paper, title page, and reference page. Proficient – Exhibits APA formatting throughout the paper. However, layout contains a few minor errors. Basic – Exhibits basic knowledge of APA formatting throughout the paper. However, layout does not meet all APA requirements. Below Expectations – Fails to exhibit basic knowledge of APA formatting. There are frequent errors, making the layout difficult to distinguish as APA. Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions. Page Requirement Total: 1.00 Distinguished – The length of the paper is equivalent to the required number of correctly formatted pages. Proficient – The length of the paper is nearly equivalent to the required number of correctly formatted pages. Basic – The length of the paper is equivalent to at least three quarters of the required number of correctly formatted pages. Below Expectations – The length of the paper is equivalent to at least one half of the required number of correctly formatted pages. Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.
Need help with three to five page paper and final.
Title 4 Title Name SCI 207: Our Dependence upon the Environment Instructor Date *This template will provide you with the details necessary to begin a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 3 Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information: Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment. The Final Lab Report should cover only the first experiment (Drinking Water Quality) from your Week Two Lab. As you plan your final paper, think about how you can present a fact-based story about water quality issues. For example, consider what common concerns might be regarding water quality, and the role drinking water standards play in protecting our water supplies. For further help, see the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. You may simply replace the text following the bold terms with the appropriate outline information to complete this assignment. Make sure to pay close attention to the information called for and provide all necessary material. Please delete this purple text before submitting your rough draft. Title Introduction Body Paragraph #1 – Background: The rough draft of the introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When outlining this section, make sure to at least list relevant resources in APA format that will be used in the final paper to develop the background for your experiment. Body Paragraph # 2 – Objective: The rough draft of the introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your rough draft should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking. Make sure the objective ties back to ideas you discussed in the Background, above. Body Paragraph # 3 – Hypothesis: Finally, the introduction should end with your hypothesis. This hypothesis should be the same one that you posed before you began your Drinking Water Quality experiment. You may reword it following feedback from your instructor to put it in better hypothesis format; however, you should not adjust it to reflect the “right” answer. You will not lose points if your hypothesis was wrong; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment. In addition to stating the hypothesis, offer your rationale for it; in other words, why did you make that particular hypothesis? Materials and Methods Body Paragraph # 1: The rough draft of the materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the phosphate test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used phosphate test strips to measure phosphate levels in parts per million”, etc. This section should be written in the past tense and in your own words and not copied and pasted from the lab manual. Think cookbook recipe here; you should explain enough of what you did for others to repeat the experiment, but with nothing extra added. Results Tables: The rough draft of the results section should include all the tables used in your experiment. All values within the tables should be in numerical form and contain units (except pH, which does not have any). For instance, if measuring the amount of chloride in water you should report your measurement as 2 mg/L or 0 mg/L, not as two or none. Body Paragraph # 1: The rough draft of the results section should also highlight important results in paragraph form, referring to the appropriate tables when mentioned. This section should only state the results; no personal opinions should be included. A description of what the results really mean should be saved for the discussion. For example, you may report, 0mg/L of chlorine were found in the water, but should avoid personal opinions and interpretations such as, “No chlorine was found in the water, showing it to be cleaner than the other samples.” Discussion Body Paragraph #1 – Hypothesis: The rough draft of this section should interpret your data and provide conclusions. Start by discussing if your hypothesis was confirmed or denied and how you know this. Then consider some of the implications of your results. Given the chemical differences you may have noted between the water samples, are any of the differences causes for concern? Body Paragraph # 2 – Context: The rough draft of your discussion should also relate your results to bigger water concerns and challenges. For example, based on your experiment you might discuss how various bottled water companies use different filtration systems. Or, you could discuss the billion dollar bottled water industry. For example, do you think it is worth it to buy bottled water? Why or why not? Your outline should at least list some of the resources that you plan to utilize in your final paper to put your results into context. Body Paragraph #3 – Variables and Future Experiments: Finally, the rough draft of your results section should also address any possible factors that affected your results, such as taking measurements over two different days instead of all at once. If possible sources of error were present, how might you control for these in the future? You should also propose some new questions that have arisen from your results and what kind of experiment(s) might be devised to answer these questions. Conclusions Body Paragraph #1: This section of your rough draft should briefly summarize the key points of your paper. What main message would you like people to take way from this report? References Include at least 2 scholarly and 2 highly credible sources as well as your lab manual, in APA format.
Need help with three to five page paper and final.
Water Quality and Contamina on 22 x Usable water x Ground water x Surface water x Ground water contaminates x Water treatment x Drinking water quality Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in oceans. Only a small fraction of the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our wa- ter supply with care. It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on Earth. Every plant and animal requires wa- ter to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation, and many other necessities. Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see to- day. While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percentage of this water is usable fresh- water. The other 99% of water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed 23 of glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the earth’s population survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or groundwater. Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not evaporate back into the atmosphere or infiltrate into the ground is typically collected in rivers, lakes, reser- voirs, and other bodies of water, making it easily accessible. Groundwater, on the other hand, is located underneath the ground. This water is stored in pores, fractures, and other spaces within the soil and rock underneath the surface. Precipitation, along with snowmelt, infil- trates through the ground and accumulates in available underground spaces. Aquifers are areas in which water collects in sand, gravel, or permeable rock from which it can be extracted for usable freshwater. The depth of aquifers varies from less than 50 feet to over 1,500 feet below the sur- face. The water within an aquifer typically does not flow through, as it would through a river or stream, but in- stead soaks into the underground material, similar to a sponge. As aquifers are depleted by human use, they are also recharged from precipitation seeping into the ground and restoring the water level. However, many times the recharge of the aquifers does not equal the amount of water that has been extracted. If that cycle continues, the aquifer will eventually dry up and will no longer be a viable source of groundwater. Evapora Ÿon Cloud forma Ÿon Precipita Ÿon Groundwater Evapora Ÿon Transpira Ÿon Precipita Ÿon Precipita Ÿon Figure 2: Water is a renewable source, purified and delivered across the planet by the hydrological cycle. 24 While the water that precipitates in the form of rain is relatively pure, it does not take long for it to pick up con- taminants. There are natural, animal, and human-made sources of water pollutants. They can travel freely from one location to another via streams, rivers, and even groundwater. Pollutants can also travel from land or air into the water. Groundwater contamination most often occurs when human-made products, such as mo- tor oil, gasoline, acidic chemicals, and other substances, leak into aquifers and other groundwater storage areas. The most common source of contaminants come from leaking storage tanks, poorly maintained land- fills, septic tanks, hazardous waste sites, and the common use of chemicals, such as pesticides and road salts. The dangers of consuming contaminated water are high. Many deadly diseases, poisons, and toxins can reside in contaminated water supplies, severely affect- ing the health of those who drink the water. It is also believed that an increased risk of cancer may result from ingesting contaminated groundwater. With the many contaminants that can infiltrate our wa- ter supply, it is crucial that there be a thorough water treatment plan in place to purify the water and make it drinkable. While each municipality has its own water treatment facility, the process is much the same at each location. The process begins with aeration, in which air is added to the water to let trapped gases escape while increasing the amount of oxygen within the water. The next step is called coagulation or flocculation, in which chemicals, such as filter alum, are added to the incoming Water is the only substance that is found naturally in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas If the entire world’s supply of water could fit into a one- gallon jug, the fresh water available to use would equal less than one tablespoon Approximately 66% of the human body consists of wa- ter – it exists within every organ and is essential for its function Figure 3: Sedimentation tanks, such as those shown above, are used to settle the sludge and remove oils and fats in sewage. This step can remove a good por- tion of the biological oxygen demand from the sew- age, a key step before progressing with the treat- ments and eventually releasing into the ground or body of water. 25 water and then stirred vigorously in a powerful mixer. The alum causes compounds, such as carbonates and hydroxides, to form tiny, sticky clumps called floc that attract dirt and other small particles. When the sticky clumps combine with the dirt, they become heavy and sink to the bottom. In the next step, known as sedimentation, the heavy particles that sank to the bottom during coagulation are separated out and the remaining water is sent on to filtration. During filtration, the water passes through filters made of layers of sand, charcoal, gravel and pebbles that help filter out the smaller particles that have passed through until this point. The last step is called disinfection, in which chlorine and/or other disinfectants are added to kill any bacteria that may still be in the water. At this point, the water is stored until it is dis- tributed through various pipes to city residents and businesses. After the water goes through the treatment process, it must also pass the guidelines stated in the Safe Drinking Water Act, in which various compo- nents are tested to ensure that the quality of the water is sufficient for drink- ing. There are currently over 65 contaminants that must be monitored and maintained on a regular basis to keep local drinking water safe for the public. Some of these chemical regulations include lead, chromium, selenium, and arsenic. Other components, such as smell, color, pH, and metals, are also monitored to ensure residents are provided clean and safe drinking water. Figure 4: Fresh water is essen- tial to humans and other land- based life. Contaminated water must be treated before it can be released into the water supply. 26 Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of vari- ous different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water. 1. Before beginning, record your hypothesis in post-lab question 1 at the end of this procedure. Be sure to indicate which water source you believe will be the dirtiest and which water source will be the cleanest. 2. Label three 250 mL beakers Tap Water, Dasani ®, and Fiji ®. Pour 100 mL of each type of water into the corresponding beakers. 3. Locate the ammonia test strips. Begin by placing a test strip into the Tap Water sample and vigorously moving the strip up and down in the water for 30 seconds, making sure that the pads on the test strip are always submerged. Dasani ® bottled water Fiji ® bottled water Jiffy Juice Ammonia test strips Chloride test strips 4 in 1 test strips Phosphate test strips Iron test strips (3) 250 mL Beakers (3) 100 mL Beakers (1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder Permanent marker Stopwatch Parafilm ® Pipettes (3) Foil packets of reducing powder *Tap water *You must provide 27 4. Remove the test strip from the water and shake off the excess water. 5. Hold the test strip level with the pad side up for 30 seconds. 6. Read the results by turning the test strip so the pads are facing away from you. Compare the color of the small pad to the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in Table 1. 7. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani ® and Fiji| ® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 1. 8. Locate the chloride test strips. Begin by immersing all the reaction zones (“the pads”) of a test strip in the Tap Water sample for 1 second. 9. Shake off the excess liquid from the test strip. After 1 minute, determine which color row the test strip most noticeably coincides with on the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in Table 2. 10. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 2. 11. Locate the 4 in 1 test strips. Begin by dipping a test strip in the Tap Water for 5 seconds with a gentle back and forth motion. 12. Remove the test strip from the water and shake once, briskly, to remove the excess water. 13. Wait 20 seconds and use the color chart at the end of this lab to match the test strip to the Total Alkalini- ty, Total Chlorine, and Total Hardness on the color chart. Be sure to do all of the readings within seconds of each other. Record your results in Table 3. Note: You will not be using the pH reading obtained from the 4 in 1 test strips. The pH will be determined at the end of this experiment using a different method. 14. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 3. 15. Locate the phosphate test strips. Begin by dipping a test strip into the Tap Water for 5 seconds. 16. Remove the test strip from the water and hold it horizontally with the pad side up for 45 seconds. D o not shake the excess water from the test strip. 28 17. Compare the results on the pad of the test strip to the color chart at the end of this lab. Record your re- sults in Table 4. 18. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 4. 19. Now, label the three 100 mL beakers Tap Water, Dasani ®, and Fiji ®. Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure 30 mL of the Tap Water from the 250 mL beaker. Pour the Tap Water into the 100 mL beaker. Repeat these steps for the Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. 20. Beginning with the Tap Water, open one foil packet of reducing powder and add it to the 100 mL beaker. Cover the beaker with a piece of Parafilm ® and shake the beaker vigorously for 15 seconds. 21. Locate the iron test strips. Remove the Parafilm ® and dip the test pad of an iron test strip into the Tap Wa- ter sample, rapidly moving it back and forth under the water for 5 seconds. 22. Remove the strip and shake the excess water off. After 10 seconds, compare the test pad to the color chart at the end of this lab. If the color falls between two colors on the color chart, estimate your result. Record your results in Table 5. 23. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 5. 24. Use your 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and remove 45 mL of the Tap Water from the 250 mL beaker. Discard this water. Your 250 mL beaker should now contain 25 mL of Tap Water. Repeat these step with the Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water. 25. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Jiffy Juice to the Tap Water. Mix gently with the pipette or by swirling the liq- uid. 26. Compare the color of the Tap Water to the pH chart in the key. Record the pH in Table 6. 27. Repeat the procedure with both the Dasani ® and Fiji ® bottled water and record your results in Table 6 29 0 10 30 60 100 200 400 0 500 1000 1500 2000 ≥3000 Ammonia (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) 4-in-1 Test Strip: *Note there are 4 pads on this test strip. From top to bottom (with the bottom of the strip being the handle), the pads are: pH, Chlorine, Alkalinity, and Hardness. Remember that the pH is not to be measured using the strip. pH Chlor. Alk. Hard. 0 0.2 1.0 4.0 10.0 0 40 80 120 180 240 500 0 50 120 250 425 1000 Soft Hard Very Hard Total Chlorine (mg/L) Total Alkalinity (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) 30 0 0.15 0.3 0.6 1 2 5 0 10 25 50 100 Phosphate (ppm) Total Iron (ppm) pH 1-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-12
Need help with three to five page paper and final.
Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination Experiment 1: Drinking Water Quality Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of a variety of different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water. POST-LAB QUESTIONS Develop a hypothesis regarding which water sources you believe will contain the most and least contaminants, and state why you believe this. Be sure to clearly rank all three sources from most to least contaminants. Hypothesis = I Believe that the water that will contain the most contaminants will be my tap water because I haven’t changed my water filters in over two years. Table 1: Ammonia Test Results Water Sample Test Results (mg/L) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 2: Chloride Test Results Water Sample Test Results (mg/L) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results Water Sample Total Alkalinity (mg/L) Total Chlorine (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) Tap Water 40 0.4 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 0.2 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 0.1 0 Table 4: Phosphate Test Results Water Sample Test Results (ppm) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 100 Table 5: Iron Test Results Water Sample Test Results (ppm) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 6: pH Results Water Sample Test Results Tap Water 5 Dasani® Bottled Water 3 Fiji® Bottled Water 6 Based on the results of your experiment, would accept or reject the hypothesis you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. Accept/reject = I would reject the hypothesis bases on the results from my test samples. Based on the results of your experiment, what specific differences do you notice among the Dasani®, Fiji®, and Tap Water? Answer = I mostly noticed the PH levels we different in all three waters. Other than that Fuji had more phosphate and tap water had the most alkalinity and chlorine. Based upon the fact sheets provided (links at the end of this document), do any of these samples pose a health concern? Use evidence from the lab to support your answer. Answer = PH levels – Considering that “the EPA recommends that public water systems maintain pH levels of between 6.5 and 8.5,” and my tap water is 5 I am a bit concerned. The information tells me that ph below 7 means that acid is present in my water and the Dasani water. The effects can be staining my laundry, and sinks or damaging my water pipes over years. Drinking the water can lead to zinc and copper remnants being ingested. Phosphate – According to our readings phosphate is not toxic to animals or humans unless found in large quantities. Alkalinity- Helps keep the PH stabilized. If humans have an overload of Alkalinity their bodies can shut down because the body doesn’t need alkalinity at all to survive. Chlorine – Reports show that drinking water with chlorine can increase the chances of bladder cancer. Based on your results, do you believe that bottled water is worth the price? Use evidence from the lab to support your opinion. Answer = I do not believe that bottle water is worth the price. I will only buy spring water because what is the sense of buying filtered tap water but now I see that the spring water may the same as all the rest. My only issue with my tap water is that Radium 226 and 228 were reported in my tap water about three years ago so I had to install a three-stage water filter. Because of the water issue in the town, I would rather drink bottled water then my own tap water. **NOTE: Be sure to complete steps 1 – 32 of Lab 3, Experiment 1 (the next lab) before completing your work for this week. Lab 3 involves growing plants, and if the work is not started this week, your seeds will not have time to grow and the lab will not be finished on time.** FACT SHEETS Ammonia https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Ammonia.pdf Chloride http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chloride.pdf Phosphate http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus.pdf Iron http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf pH https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf Alkalinity https://www.safewater.org/PDFS/communitywatertestkit/Water_Quality_Tests.pdf Chlorine http://www.watertechonline.com/testing-for-chlorine-in-drinking-water/ Hardness http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-6.pdf References Any sources utilized should be listed here. Alkalinity https://www.safewater.org/PDFS/communitywatertestkit/Water_Quality_Tests.pdf Chlorine http://www.watertechonline.com/testing-for-chlorine-in-drinking-water/ pH https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf Phosphate http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus.pdf © eScience Labs, 2016
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